Radiographic testing is one of the most informative and reliable DNT methods. This method is overall used for diagnostic such facilities as pipelines of various diameters, metal constructions, technological equipment, products made from composites and so on.

Visual and measurement testing is performed to obtain initial information about the object under inspection (VMT). VMT is directed at testing of blank parts quality for melding and also evaluation of welded joints quality. External expertise is an integral part of technical diagnostics. It is performed not depending on using other DNT methods.

Ultrasonic testing- Based on the use of elastic vibrations mainly ultrasonic frequencies. Basic methods: shadow, resonance, impedance, free oscillations, ehometod...

Control penetrant- based on the use of elastic vibrations mainly ultrasonic frequencies. Basic methods: shadow, resonance, impedance, free oscillations, ehometod...

Ultrasonic thickness- Based on the use of elastic vibrations mainly ultrasonic frequencies. Basic methods: shadow, resonance, impedance, free oscillations, ehometod...

Mechanical testing of materials- Based on the use of elastic vibrations mainly ultrasonic frequencies. Basic methods: shadow, resonance, impedance, free oscillations, ehometod...

Basic by realization of thermal imaging testing is creation of apparatus facilities, providing transformation of the temperature distributing or infrared to the visible image. Realization of possibilities of thermal imaging testing, providing both the exposure of internal defects in different objects and effective decision of problem of «nightly vision», findings out the hidden or disguised objects or realization of searching measures are in difficult weather terms, stipulated creation of wide spectrum of thermal-imaging of apparatus facilities: portable, mobile, stationary.

Magnetic coating thickness gauge MT-2007 is designed to measure thickness of paint and lacquer, electroplating, fire-retardant, and any other non-magnetic current conducting and non-conducting coatings on ferromagnetic (steel, cast iron etc.) foundations.

Magnetic particle testing (MPT) is high on the list in the system of non-destructive testing methods. This is due to its high-speed response to surface and subsurface defects, simplicity, flexibility and clear presentation of testing results.

The vacuum-bubble testing method allows to detect penetraion defects. When testing by this method, a vacuum chamber is installed on the side of the test section of the welded joint moistened with indicator solution, and negative pressure is generated in a chamber. Due to the generated differential pressure, atmospheric air penetrates through-and-through defects, causing their bubble indication.

Spark testing method is a method of electrical non-destructive testing based on recording electricalbreakdowns and (or) changes in the parameters of the test item in the environment or at the section.

Вихретоковый контроль – метод неразрушающего контроля для проверки изделий из токопроводящих материалов на наличие поверхностных дефектов (трещин, волосовин, закатов, надрывов и др.), основанный на взаимодействии внешнего электромагнитного поля с электромагнитным полем вихревых токов, наводимых в объекте контроля этим полем.

Спектральный анализ широко используется в различных отраслях промышленности и науки, и служит универсальным инструментом, который позволяет точно и оперативно исследовать элементный состав вещества. Эта информация необходима для правильного ведения технологических процессов, контроля качества исходных материалов, промежуточного и готового продуктов, а также позволяет создавать новые материалы с заданными качествами.

Металлографический метод контроля – это комплекс испытаний и аналитических мероприятий, направленный на изучение макроструктуры и микроструктуры металлов, исследование закономерности образования структуры и зависимостей влияния структуры на механические, физико – механические и другие свойства металла.

Адгезия – это устойчивость к отслаиванию однослойного или многослойного антикоррозионного покрытия к окрашиваемой поверхности и/или между слоями. Поэтому при монтажных работах по устройству изоляции проводится контроль адгезии, изучается вопрос о соответствии изоляционного покрытия с типом трубопровода и климатом, в котором будет проложена магистраль. Несоответствие может повлечь тепловые потери, ранний износ труб, что потребует дополнительных экономических вложений.

Гидравлическое испытание — необходимая процедура, свидетельствующая о надёжности оборудования и трубопроводов, работающих под давлением, в течение всего срока их службы, что крайне важно, учитывая серьёзную опасность для жизни и здоровья людей в случае их неисправностей и аварий

Под термином «электробезопасность» понимается система организационных и технических мероприятий и средств, обеспечивающих защиту людей от вредного и опасного воздействия электрического тока, электрической дуги, электромагнитного поля и статического электричества. Одним из мероприятий является проведение контроля электробезопасности электроприборов.

Контроль за состоянием лестниц заключается в периодической проверке прочности их несущих элементов, узлов сопряжения лестниц

Methods of nondestructive testing

Bending and Folding Tests for Metal Products

Bending and folding tests are mechanical testing methods used to evaluate a material’s plasticity, strength, and ability to withstand deformation without failure. These tests are particularly relevant for materials subjected to complex loads, such as those in structures exposed to external bending and tensile forces.

Bending Test
Description
A bending test involves applying force to the middle of a specimen supported at both ends, causing it to bend. This method evaluates the material’s resistance to deformation and redistribution of stresses during bending.
1. Specimen Preparation
• Rectangular or round specimens of standard sizes are typically used, conforming to regulatory standards (e.g., ISO or GOST).
2. Bending Process
• The specimen is placed on two supports, and bending force is applied at its midpoint.
• The load increases until the specimen either breaks or develops visible cracks.
3. Measured Parameters
• Flexural Strength: The maximum stress at the point of failure.
• Deformation: The extent of shape change, reflecting the material’s plasticity and ability to deform.
• Bend Angle: Indicates the material’s flexibility and plasticity.

Folding Test
Description
The folding test assesses the material’s resistance to plastic deformation and its ability to retain shape after bending. It is commonly used for sheet or bar materials.
1. Folding Process
• The specimen is bent to a specific angle, often 90° or 180°, while monitoring its response to deformation.
• Observations focus on the presence of damage or cracks on the outer side of the bend.
2. Measured Parameters
• Plastic Limit: The material’s ability to undergo irreversible deformation without breaking.
• Residual Deformation: The extent to which the specimen retains its shape after the load is removed.
• Crack Resistance: A critical parameter for materials operating under constant or repeated loads.

Applications of the Methods
Bending and folding tests are widely used in metallurgy, construction, automotive engineering, and other industries where the ability to withstand bending loads is crucial. These tests help detect material defects and identify the most suitable materials for applications involving deformational stresses.